Mutation analysis of a pedigree affected with brachydactyly type E2 and obesity / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To identify pathogenic mutation in a pedigree affected with brachydactyly and obesity.@*METHODS@#Peripheral blood sample was collected for extraction of genomic DNA. Exons capture combined with next generation sequencing (NGS) was carried out to identify potential mutation. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the results.@*RESULTS@#NGS has identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.125A>C, p.Gln42Pro) in the exon 1 of PTHLH gene. The result was verified by Sanger sequencing. The mutations was derived from his mother. His uncle and sister have also carried the same heterozygous mutation.@*CONCLUSION@#A novel mutation of the PTHLH gene has been identified in a pedigree affected with brachydactyly type E2 and obesity.

A frameshift mutation in the TRPS1 gene showing a mild phenotype of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1

Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a hereditary disorder characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. A mutation of the TRPS1 gene leads to TRPS type I or type III. A 20-year-old male patient visited our neurologic department with chronic fatigue. He presented with short stature, sparse hair, pear-shaped nose, and brachydactyly. Radiologic study showed short metacarpals, metatarsals with cone-shaped epiphyses, hypoplastic femur and hip joint. Panel sequencing for OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) listed genes revealed a de novo heterozygous frameshift mutation of c.1801_1802delGA (p.Arg601Lysfs*3) of exon 4 of the TRPS1 gene. The diagnosis of TRPS can be challenging due to the rarity and variable phenotype of the disease, clinicians should be aware of its characteristic clinical features that will lead a higher rate of diagnosis.

Novel Mutation in PTHLH Related to Brachydactyly Type E2 Initially Confused with Unclassical Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant brachydactyly type E is a congenital abnormality characterized by small hands and feet, which is a consequence of shortened metacarpals and metatarsals. We recently encountered a young gentleman exhibiting shortening of 4th and 5th fingers and toes. Initially, we suspected him having pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) because of normal biochemical parameters, including electrolyte, Ca, P, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; however, his mother and maternal grandmother had the same conditions in their hands and feet. Furthermore, his mother showed normal biochemical parameters. To the best of our knowledge, PPHP is inherited via a mutated paternal allele, owing to the paternal imprinting of GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) in the renal proximal tubule. Therefore, we decided to further analyze the genetic background in this family. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed using genomic DNA from the affected mother, son, and the unaffected father as a negative control. RESULTS: We selected the intersection between 45,490 variants from the mother and 45,646 variants from the son and excluded 27,512 overlapping variants identified from the father. By excluding homogenous and compound heterozygous variants and removing all previously reported variants, 147 variants were identified to be shared by the mother and son. Variants that had least proximities among species were excluded and finally 23 variants remained. CONCLUSION: Among them, we identified a defect in parathyroid hormone like hormone (PTHLH), encoding the PTH-related protein, to be disease-causative. Herein, we report a family affected with brachydactyly type E2 caused by a novel PTHLH mutation, which was confused with PPHP with unclassical genetic penetrance.

Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome Type III Associated with a Novel Missense Mutation in the TRPS1 Gene / 대한피부과학회지

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by mutations in the TRPS1 or the EXT1 gene. Patients show 3 different forms (TRPS I-TRPS III) of this condition sharing similar clinical features including sparse hair, a bulbous nose, an elongated philtrum, short stature, and shortened phalanges. A 10-year-old girl presented with sparse hair and thin hair shafts since birth. She also showed a bulbous nose, an elongated philtrum, brachydactyly of the great toes, and a short stature. Radiological examination showed cone-shaped epiphyses and shortened phalanges. Genetic analysis revealed a novel missense mutation c.2759G>C (p.Trp920Ser) in the TRPS1 gene. We diagnosed this patient with TRPS type III. To our knowledge, only 3 reports have described a genetically analyzed TRPS1 gene mutation among the 11 reported cases of TRPS in the Korean literature. Furthermore, we identified a novel missense mutation in the TRPS1 gene.

Síndrome oro-facial-digital / Oro-facial-digita syndrome

l síndrome orofaciodigital , es un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos del desarrollo de los cuales se han documentado al menos 13 variantes clínicas(1-3).Se transmite como un rasgo dominante ligado al cromosoma X. Se han reportado pocos casos en varones, ya que en general este trastorno genera letalidad en embriones masculinos en el primer o segundo semestre del embarazo (2).Conforma un cuadro clínicamente bien definido que debería ser reconocido en el recién nacido (4) y se asocia con manifestaciones clínicas a niveloral, facial y digital.El primer caso fue descrito por Mohr en 1941, seguido por un reporte de Papillon-League y Psaume en 1954; posteriormente, estos fueron denominados SOFD tipo 2 y 1, respectivamente (2,4).El SOFD tipo 1 a diferencia de los otros subtipos, es transmitido como un rasgo dominante ligado al cromosoma X. Es el único subtipo, del cual se ha identificado la mutación en el gen CXORF5, localizada en el brazo corto del cromosoma X (Xp22.2). El producto génico del SOFD1 es una proteína del centrosoma localizada en el cuerpo basal del cilio primario. (1-3,6). Se ha reportado una gran variabilidad clínica interfamiliar e intrafamiliar, así como 18 diferentes mutaciones en el SOFD 1 (6). La incidencia estimada es de 1: 50.000 a 250.000 nacidos vivos, afectando todas las razas por igual(2,5,6).Como su nombre lo indica, las principales manifestaciones se encuentran a nivel oral, facial y digital; sin embargo, otros órganos pueden estar afectados, lo que definiría el tipo específico de SOFD. Existen muy pocos casos reportados de los otros tipos, dada la amplia variabilidad en su expresión fenotípica; y también resulta muy dificultoso tipificar a los pacientes debido al solapamiento de las características clínicas (1-4). Entre las malformaciones orales se observan: labio superior muy corto, que suele acompañarse de una hendidura medial (45%) y frenillo grueso. El paladar se afecta con fisura medial amplia (80%) (Figs. 1 y 2); usualmente el paladar blando no existe, y en el óseo se presentan tres mamelones: uno central y dos laterales. El maxilar inferior dispone bandas fibrosas (frenillos) que adhieren los labios a las arcadas dentarias, las cuales están hendidas. Estas bandas se adhieren a la lengua fijándolas (anquiloglosia) y dividiéndola en varios mamelones (30-45%) (Figs. 1 y 2); muchas veces se encuentra tejido hamartomatoso (70%). El maxilar inferior también es hipoplásico y existe mala oclusión dentaria. (Fig. 2) Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev.Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017Las malformaciones faciales incluyen: hipertelorismo, raíz nasal ancha con punta fina e hipoplasia de los cartílagos de las alas nasales; narinas pequeñas y antevertidas con diferencia de tamaño. También suelen apreciarse un aplanamiento mediofacial. La piel presenta millium en mejillas, frente y pabellón auricular (Figs. 1 y 2). Hay xerodermia y puede haber alopecía en cuero cabelludo. El pelo es seco y quebradizo. (Fig. 1)En miembros, las alteraciones más frecuentes se observan en manos (45%) tales como clinodactilia, braquidactilia y sindactilia. (Figs. 1 y 2)En los pies puede haber polisindactilia (casi siempre unilateral, preaxial). Los demás dedos son cortos e hipoplásicos. Fig. 1.Paciente de 10 meses, con los rasgos característicos. Arriba izq. labio superior fino, fisura palatina, mamelones linguales y milium en mejillas. Arriba der.clino y braquidactilia. Abajo: alopecia, cabello seco y quebradizo. Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev. Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017A nivel de sistema nervioso central las malformaciones son variables (40%) puede existir porencefalia o hidrocefalia (que comúnmente se acompaña a agenesia total o parcial del cuerpo calloso), y su asociación con un retardo mental (40%). En aparato urinario se observan riñones poliquísticos en un 50% de los casos. El esqueleto también se ve afectado, evidenciándose huesos cortos y gruesos en manos y pies, muchas veces con osteoporosis (2-5,6).Los subtipos de este síndrome presentan características distintivas. La polidactilia se presenta en todos los subtipos, por lo que obviando esta característica, se menciona la Fig. 2.Madre de la paciente. Arriba izq. maloclusión dentaria, mamelones linguales y milium en mejillas. Arriba der. fisura palatina. Abajo: clino, braquidactilia, y en mano derecha sindactilia cutánea (membrana interdigital). Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev. Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017clínica particular de los otros subtipos. El SOFD 1 es de carácter autosómico dominante ligado al X, predominando el millium y la poliquistosis renal. En el SOFD 2 (o Síndrome de Mohr-Majewski) se puede manifestar punta nasal bífida. La característica delSOFD 3 es el guiño ocular en sube y baja (alternado), los espasmos mioclónicos y el retraso mental. La nariz es bulbosa y las orejas son de implantación baja. En el SOFD 4 hay compromiso tibial, pectus excavatum y baja estatura. El SOFD 5 presenta fisura labial medial aislada. En el SOFD 6 (o Síndrome de Váradi-Papp) se distingue la polidactilia principalmente media y con metacarpos en forma de "Y"; también malformación cerebelar (ausencia de vermis). Se puede observar además displasia y agenesia renal (2).El SOFD 7 (o Síndrome de Whelan) fue reportado una sola vez, como un subtipo que compartía características del tipo 1 y 2. Durante el seguimiento, la paciente desarrolló clínica inherente al SOFD 1, por lo que se concluyó que inicialmente pertenecía al tipo 1, y se removió el SOFD 7 de la clasificación (8). El SOFD 8 es de herencia recesiva ligada al X. Clínicamente presenta, defectos tibiales, radiales y anormalidades epiglóticas. Por último, el SOFD 9 se caracteriza por anormalidades retinianas y fisura labial no medial (2).Es posible para el médico poder sospechar el diagnóstico de SOFD 1 mediante la fetoscopía o ultrasonografía, siendo la detección de polidactilia y defectos faciales, parámetros fundamentales; no obstante el diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y debe hacerse en el recién nacido. Los diagnósticos diferenciales deben plantearse principalmente con subtipos de SOFD (2,4). Es de importancia la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario integrado por genetistas, pediatras, dermatólogos, cirujanos máxilo-faciales, psicólogos, odontopediatras para brindar asesoramiento y asistencia a estos pacientes. Aunque el pronóstico depende de las manifestaciones clínicas específicas y la gravedad de las mismas, es importante la identificación del tipo que presenta porque nos orientará en los estudios diagnósticos de otras posibles manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a ese tipo en particular (

2q37 Deletion syndrome confirmed by high-resolution cytogenetic analysis

Chromosome 2q37 deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder characterized by mild to moderate developmental delay, brachydactyly of the third to fifth digits or toes, short stature, obesity, hypotonia, a characteristic facial appearance, and autism spectrum disorder. Here, we report on a patient with 2q37 deletion presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). Congenital heart malformations have been noted in up to 20% of patients with 2q37 deletions. However, DCMP has not been reported in 2q37 deletion patients previously. The patient exhibited the characteristic facial appearance (a flat nasal bridge, deep-set eyes, arched eyebrows, and a thin upper lip), developmental delay, mild mental retardation, peripheral nerve palsy, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO)-like phenotypes (short stature and brachydactyly). Conventional chromosomal analysis results were normal; however, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed terminal deletion at 2q37.1q37.3. In addition, the patient was confirmed to have partial growth hormone (GH) deficiency and had shown a significant increase in growth rate after substitutive GH therapy. Chromosome 2q37 deletion syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with AHO features, especially in the presence of facial dysmorphism. When patients are suspected of having a 2q37 deletion, high-resolution cytogenetic analysis is recommended.

Multiple Brachymetacarpia Treated by Distraction Osteogenesis

The treatment of a brachymetacarpia using a distraction osteogenesis was mostly single, unilateral pattern. In case of multiple brachymetacarpia, single-stage lengthening or rapid distraction lengthening with a bone graft were usually used. Multiple brachymetacarpia treated by distraction osteogenesis is rarely reported. We report a case of a 15-year-old female presented with bilateral multiple brachymetacarpia treated by distraction osteogenesis simultaneously without complications. Also, we have evaluated the clinical results and factors which influence the clinical results.

Estudio de la braquidactilia en población gitana: descripción de un caso familiar / Estudo da braquidactilia da população cigana: Descrição de um caso familiar / Study of brachydactyly in gipsy population: Description of a familial case

La braquidactilia constituye una malformación genética heredable con carácter autosómico dominante o recesivo. En este artículo se describe el caso de una familia gitana que presentabraquidactlia congénita. El estudio se hizo en el Distrito Sanitario de Guadix en Granada. Los sujetos de estudio fueron cuatro hermanos (dos hombres y dos mujeres) integrantes de la misma unidad familiar y pertenecientes a la comunidad gitana. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y genéticos. Los sujetos presentan la manifestación de braquidactilia expresada fenotípicamente con alguna variabilidad entre ellos. Los datos radiológicos evidencian que corresponden a la braquidactilia tipo A4. Uno de ellos presenta una mezcla de A4 con E, o quizás se trate de una nueva variedad no clasificada. Todos presentan anomalías similares en los pies. Además, presentan obesidad, dislipidemia y diversos grados de consanguinidad...

Brachydactyly is an inheritable autosomal genetic malformation, either dominant or recessive. This article describes a gypsy family presenting with congenital brachydactyly. The study was conducted at the Sanitary District of Guadix, in Granada, Spain. The study subjects were four siblings (two women and two men), members of the same family and belonging to the Roma community. Demographic and genetic data were collected. With some variability, they had the phenotypic manifestation of brachydactyly. Radiographic data revealed that it was type A4 brachydactyly, but one of them featured a blend of A4 with E, or perhaps it is a new unclassified variety. All cases showed similar abnormalities in the feet. Besides, they are obese, and have dyslipidemia and different degrees of consanguinity...

A braquidactilia constitui uma malformação genética com caráter autossômico dominante ou recessiva. Este artigo descreve o caso de uma família cigana que apresenta braquidactlia congênitas. O estudo foi feito no Distrito de Sanitário de Guadix em Granada. Os sujeitos do estudo foram quatro irmãos (dois homens e duas mulheres) membros da mesma unidade familiar e pertencentes à comunidade cigana. Foram coletados dados demográficos e genéticos. Os sujeitos apresentam a manifestação de braquidactilia expressa fenotipicamente com alguma variabilidade entre eles. Os elementos radiológicos mostram que correspondem à braquidactilia tipo A4. Um deles apresenta uma mistura de A4, com E, ou, talvez, uma nova variedade não classificadas. Todos têm anomalias semelhantes nos pés. Ademais, apresentam obesidade, dislipidemia e diferentes graus de consanguinidade...

Turner syndrome with pseudohypoparathyroidism: A case report / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">The association of Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) with Turner syndrome is very rare and only a single case has been reported so far. Both manifest with short stature and lack of secondary sexual characteristics along with other stigmata similar to each other, creating a diagnostic dilemma.<br />We describe a case of a 15-year-old Asian Indian female who presented with short stature and delayed puberty with overlapping phenotype of PHP and Turner syndrome. The diagnosis of Turner syndrome was made easily on the basis of typical history, clinical features and karyotype but the diagnosis of PHP was suspected only after radiological and biochemical investigations. The association of Turner syndrome with PHP can be easily missed due to similar phenotypes and subtle manifestations.</p>

Identification of p.Glu131Lys Mutation in the IHH Gene in a Korean Patient With Brachydactyly Type A1

No abstract available.

Congenital anonychia and brachydactyly of the left foot - Cooks syndrome variant: Case report and review of literature.

Cooks syndrome is characterized by familial congenital anonychia or onychodystrophy, hypoplasia or absence of distal phalanges of the hands and feet with brachydactyly of the fifth finger and digitalization of the thumb (triphalangism). It is listed as a “rare disease” by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. Here, we report a case of congenital anonychia and brachydactyly of the left foot, which possibly is a variant of Cooks syndrome with a positive family history of similar deformity.

Braquidactilia tipo A4 / Brachydactyly type A4

Braquidactilia es un término que hace referencia a dedos desproporcionadamente cortos en manos y pies. Forma parte de las disostosis, un grupo de malformaciones caracterizadas por trastornos en el desarrollo óseo. En este trabajo se presenta un caso de una mujer con esta enfermedad, se discute su origen genético, manifestaciones clínicas, y pronóstico

Identification of a novel mutation in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia / 소아과

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (PHP Ia) is a disorder characterized by multiform hormonal resistance including parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). It is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations within the Gs alpha-encoding GNAS exons. A 9-year-old boy presented with clinical and laboratory abnormalities including hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, PTH resistance, multihormone resistance and AHO (round face, short stature, obesity, brachydactyly and osteoma cutis) which were typical of PHP Ia. He had a history of repeated convulsive episodes that started from the age of 2 months. A cranial computed tomography scan showed bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia and his intelligence quotient testing indicated mild mental retardation. Family history revealed that the patient's maternal relatives, including his grandmother and 2 of his mother's siblings, had features suggestive of AHO. Sequencing of the GNAS gene of the patient identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation within exon 11 (c.637 C>T). The C>T transversion results in an amino acid substitution from Gln to stop codon at codon 213 (p.Gln213*). To our knowledge, this is a novel mutation in GNAS.

Prenatal diagnosis of a 7q21.13q22.1 deletion detected using high-resolution microarray

We report a case of de novo 7q interstitial deletion detected by conventional karyotyping and by microarray of amniotic fluid sampled during the prenatal period. A 32-year-old pregnant woman was evaluated at our hospital following detection of increased nuchal translucency at 12 weeks and 5 days of gestation. Conventional karyotyping revealed 46,XX,del(7)(q21q22) in 20 interphase mitotic cells, and high-resolution microarray revealed 12.8 Mb (90,625,014-103,430,901) deletion in the region 7q21.13q22.1. Both parents had normal karyotypes. After birth, the neonate displayed several anomalies, including palatine cleft, upslanted and wide palpebral fissure, low-set ears, micrognathia, microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, subglottic tracheal stenosis, hearing loss, and hand/foot deformities, including brachydactyly, polydactyly, and cutaneous syndactyly. This case study helps explain the phenotype-genotype relationship in patients with 7q21.13q22.1 deletion.

A familial case with brachydactyly type C with a GDF5 mutation

Brachydactyly type C is a limb malformation characterized by shortening of the second, third, and fifth middle and/or proximal phalanges, but it has variable phenotypic expressivity. Mutations in the growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) gene cause isolated brachydactyly C. Herein, we report a familial case with isolated brachydactyly type C characterized by brachymesophalangy of both second and third digits, with a GDF5 missense mutation, and discuss the phenotypic variability of the condition. Identifying more cases with genetic confirmation will help elucidate the clinical and genetic characteristics of this condition in the Korean population.

Identification of a GDF5 Mutation in a Korean Patient with Brachydactyly Type C without Foot Involvement

Brachydactyly type C (BDC) is characterized by shortening of the middle phalanges of the index, middle, and little fingers. Hyperphalangy of the index and middle finger and shortening of the first metacarpal can also be observed. BDC is a rare genetic condition associated with the GDF5 gene, and this condition has not been confirmed by genetic analysis so far in the Korean population. Herein, we present a case of a 6-yr-old girl diagnosed with BDC confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. The patient presented with shortening of the second and third digits of both hands. Sequence analysis of the GDF5 gene was performed and the pathogenic mutation, c.1312C>T (p.Arg438Cys), was identified. Interestingly, this mutation was previously described in a patient who presented with the absence of the middle phalanges in the second through fifth toes. However, our patient showed no involvement of the feet. Considering intrafamilial and interfamilial variability, molecular analysis of isolated brachydactyly is warranted to elucidate the genetic origin and establish a diagnosis.

Congenital symbrachydactyly: outcomes of surgical treatment in 120 webs / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Symbrachydactyly is defined as a combination of short fingers with syndactyly. There are few published reports estimating the incidence of symbrachydactyly. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features and the outcome of surgical treatment for congenital symbrachydactyly.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty webs of thirty-four patients of symbrachydactyly were involved in the study. The sex ratio was 21 males/13 females. The age ranged from 1 year to 8 years, average 2.6 years. Four cases had both hands involved and 30 patients had one hand involvement. Release of the syndactylous digits webs were completed by one surgical procedure in 14 cases and more than one surgical procedure in 20 cases; 3 to 6 months between the procedures. In the meantime, some of the associated hand deformities were treated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Postoperative follow-up time was 10 to 18 months, average 12 months. All the fingers involved in this study were separated successfully. However, 6 fingers had scar tissue contracture and 8 had web scar adhesion. All complications needed further surgical treatment. Parents of 94.1% of the patients were satisfied with the overall function of the hand, and 76.5% were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance of hand.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The combination of syndactyly and brachydactyly is the main clinical feature in symbrachydactyly. Separation of the digital webs can greatly improve the function of the hand. However, more work needs to be done to improve the cosmetic appearance of the hand.</p>

Achados radiológicos na síndrome de Poland / Poland 's syndrome: radiologic findings

A síndrome de Poland é uma anomalia congênita rara não hereditária. Os autores descrevem os achados radiológicos clássicos da síndrome de Poland através de um relato de caso de um paciente masculino de quatro anos de idade com assimetria torácica e das mãos, ilustrando os critérios imaginológicos fundamentais para a conclusão diagnóstica.

Poland's syndrome is a rare non-inherited congenital anomaly. The authors describe the classic radiologic findings of Poland's syndrome by reporting the case of a male four-year old patient with asymmetry of hands and chest, illustrating the fundamental imaging criteria for a conclusive diagnosis.

Case report of two sisters suffering from Weill-Marchesani syndrome with pulmonary stenosis.

We report two sisters having a rare congenital anomaly-Weill-Marchesani syndrome having disproportionate short height, restriction of joint movements, brachydactyly, dislocation of lens, bilateral glaucomatous optic atrophy, and pulmonary stenosis.

Poland Syndrome: A Case Report

PURPOSE: Poland syndrome is rare disease which is characterized by absence of unilateral pertoralis major muscle accompanied by ipsilateral syndactyly or brachydactyly, which was described first by Alfred Poland in 1841. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed the physical examination, laboratory test and radiologic evaluation to 18 year old male, who complaint asymmetry of right anterior chest. RESULTS: We diagnosed the Poland syndrome due to absence of right pectoralis major muscle and brachydactyly of right hand. CONCLUSION: Current authors report a patient who had hypopalsia of pectoralis muscles, which needed differential diagnosis with pectoralis major rupture.